Windows中的进程的Working Set，Private Bytes和Virtual Bytes

总结：

1）Working Set看成一个进程可以用到(但不一定会使用)的物理内存。即不引起page fault异常就能够访问的内存。

Working Set包含了可能被其他程序共享的内存,例如DLL就是一个典型的可能被其他程序共享的资源。

所以所有进程的Working Set加起来有可能大于实际的物理内存。

2）Private Bytes是只被本进程用占用的虚拟地址空间，不包括其他进程共享的内存。

Private Bytes既包括不引起page fault异常就能够访问的内存也包括引起page fault异常才能够访问的内存。

所以一般Private Bytes大于Working Set。但是如果一个进程和其他进程共享较多内存，也可能造成Working Set大于Private Bytes。

3）Virtual Byte是整个进程占用的全部虚拟地址空间。32位Windows用户模式下，进程最大可以使用2GB，可以通过修改Boot.ini文件扩展为最大可以使用到3GB。

4）Windows Task Manager中看到内存使用量是Working Set。

==================================================

原文：

http://my.opera.com/Returner/blog/show.dml/573233

http://www.cnblogs.com/awpatp/archive/2010/01/26/1656651.html

*The working set of a process is the set of memory pages currently visible to the process in physical RAM memory. These pages are resident and available for an application to use without triggering a page fault.
*The working set of a process consists of the set of resident physical pages visible to the process. When a thread accesses a page that is not in the working set of its process, a page fault occurs. Before the thread can continue, the virtual memory manager must add the page to the working set of the process. A larger working set increases the probability that a page will be resident in memory, and decreases the rate of page faults.
可以把Working Set看成一个进程可以用到(但不一定会使用)的物理内存（物理内存页的集合）。内存管理单元在进行虚拟内存地址到物理内存地址转换时，如果虚拟地址不在物理内存中，会引起page fault异常。足够的WorkingSet就可以保证常用的虚拟地址都位于物理内存中，减少这种异常，避免了异常处理（例如访问swap文件，将页面读入物理内存）带来的性能损耗。因此，对于时间比较敏感的程序，应该分配足够的WorkingSet以保证程序性能。

*When you increase the working set size of an application, you are taking away physical memory from the rest of the system.
*Suppose you have a 16-megabyte system and you set your minimum to four megabytes. In effect, this takes away four megabytes from the system. Other applications may be unable to get their minimum working set.
可见，Working Set是被真实地从物理内存中划分出来的。一个程序占用了多少Working Set，物理内存中就有多少空间不能被其它程序使用。

*Reducing memory consumption is always a beneficial goal. If you call SetProcessWorkingSetSize(0xffffffff, 0xffffffff), this tells the system that your working set can be released. This does not change the current sizing of the working set, it just allows the memory to be used by other applications. It is a good idea to do this when your application goes into a wait state.
*Windows NT 3.5 allows processes to increase their working set size by using SetProcessWorkingSetSize(). This API is also useful to trim your minimum working set size if you want to run many processes at once, because each process has the default minimum working set size reserved, no matter how small the process actually is.
Windows会为每个进程保留一个默认数值的working set，然而这个保留的Working set可能会比该process实际需要的大。可以用SetProcessWorkingSetSize()来对进程的Working set进行裁剪，只保留进程目前已经占用的页面，空闲的就释放掉给其它应用使用。

一个有趣的问题是, working set指目前程序所消耗的物理内存, private bytes指的是commit的内存, 那么为什么有些进程的working set比private bytes还大? 要回答这个问题, 需要仔细看看两者的定义:

• "Working Set refers to the numbers of pages of virtual memory committed to a given process, both shared and private."
• "Private Bytes is the current size, in bytes, of memory that this process has allocated that cannot be shared with other processes."

所以, Working Set包含了可能被其他程序共享的内存, 而Private Bytes只包括被当前进程使用的内存.

DLL是一个典型的可能被其他程序共享的资源. DLL的加载使用文件映像, 因此包含DLL的物理内存可以被同时映像到多个进程上. 所以在进程中加载DLL的内存只能算到working set上, 而不能被算到private bytes上.

在解决内存问题的时候Shared的部分一般可以不用考虑.

一个进程使用内存的时候, 它占用的内存会被分为两部分, 一部分是working set, 另一部分是private byte减去working set. 其中working set是贮存在物理内存中的, 而剩下的另一部分是paging file, 存在磁盘上.

一般来说把所有进程的working set加起来会比你机器上所拥有的物理内存要大, 这是因为有Shared的资源(比如DLL)的缘故.

Virtual Bytes.

The current size, in bytes, of the virtual address space for this process. The virtual address space limit of a user mode process is 2 GB, unless 3 GB address space is enabled by using the /3GB switch in boot.ini.

原文:

Virtual Bytes are the total virtual address space occupied by the entire process, including memory-mapped files such as shared DLLs. This is like the working set except it includes data that has already been paged out and is sitting in a pagefile somewhere. The total virtual bytes used by every process on a system under heavy load will add up to significantly more memory than the machine actually has.

翻译:

Virtual Byte是整个进程占用的全部虚拟地址空间, 包括诸如共享dll在内的内存映射文件. 它跟working set很像, 不一样的是, 它还得算上已经被page out的存放在别的什么地方的pagefile中的数据. 一个高负荷系统中所有进程的全部的virtual bytes加起来, 会比机器实际拥有的内存多很多.

个人理解

===============

假设我有一台机器, 机器有物理内存1024M. 机器上面仅运行着三个进程A, B, C.

下面的情况是可能的:

A和B仅共用一个叫做common.dll的库文件. common.dll为A分配了10M的内存, 为B分配了20M内存.

common.dll本身占30M内存.

A的可执行程序以及其数据本身占用了40M, B的使用了50M, C的使用了60兆.

A的可执行程序本身使用的内存中有5兆不在内存中, 在pagefile中.

A没有引用其他的dll文件.

那么A的private bytes是40-5+10 = 45M

A的working set是40-5+30 = 65M

A的virtual bytes是40+30+10=80M